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Human epididymis protein 4 and risk of malignancy index as risk assessment tools in the decision for referral to an oncology center in patients with an ovarian mass: a cost-effectiveness analysis from a Dutch health care perspective.

Abstract

METHODS

A decision-tree health-state transition model was constructed to model costs and outcomes of 4 different referral strategies: human epididymis protein 4 and Risk of Malignancy Index combined, Risk of Malignancy Index alone, referral of all patients, and no referral at all. Costs (€) and outcomes were included with a time horizon of 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS

Risk of Malignancy Index + human epididymis protein 4 is a cost-effective strategy in the referral decision-making process of a general hospital for patients with an ovarian mass, compared to Risk of Malignancy Index alone or no strategy.

RESULTS

Risk of Malignancy Index + human epididymis protein 4 resulted in the lowest mean costs per patient (€8905, standard deviation -1340), compared to Risk of Malignancy Index (€9,261, standard deviation -1394), referral of all (€10,117, standard deviation -1684), and no referral at all (€9357, standard deviation -1536). The mean quality-adjusted first life year was almost similar among all strategies (ranging from 0.785 to 0.789). Risk of Malignancy Index + human epididymis protein 4 was the most cost-effective in all sensitivity and scenario analyses.

OBJECTIVE

Human epididymis protein 4 has been shown to be an effective biomarker for detecting early-stage ovarian cancer. However, its cost-effectiveness has not been systematically investigated. Therefore, this study aims to compare the cost-effectiveness of different referral policies in patients with an ovarian mass, based on current practices and the potential use of human epididymis protein 4.

More about this publication

International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society
  • Volume 36
  • Issue nr. 7
  • Pages 104721
  • Publication date 22-04-2026

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