Abstract
Before real world data (RWD)-derived external control arms (ECAs) can be applied in clinical trials within the field of oncology, it must be determined whether these ECAs can function as appropriate and reliable control arms. This review provides an overview of studies in which RWD-derived ECAs were constructed and compared to a randomized clinical trial (RCT) arm. RWD-derived ECAs had similar survival outcomes as the RCT arm of comparison in six of the eight included studies. Therefore, when performing RCTs is not feasible, RWD-derived ECAs can act as control arms in single-arm clinical trials, provided that suitable RWD sources are used and suitable methodological decisions are made.