Exploiting immunogenic cell death to promote antitumor immunity.

Abstract

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) converts the death of a tumor cell into an event sensed by the immune system. Recent studies show that distinct ICD modalities, including immunogenic apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and hybrid forms such as PANoptosis, release defined sets of danger signals and cytokines that reshape the immune composition of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we examine how ICD activates antitumor immunity and which immune cell subsets drive these responses. We also discuss how the benefits of ICD rely on its acute and transient nature, whereas prolonged or chronic exposure to the same inflammatory cues can ultimately dampen immune activation and promote oncogenesis. Finally, we outline the role of ICD and its clinical relevance in combination with immunotherapies.