Abstract
The anticancer drug ifosfamide is a prodrug requiring activation through 4-hydroxyifosfamide to ifosforamide mustard, to exert cytotoxicity. Deactivation of ifosfamide leads to 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide and the release of potentially neurotoxic chloracetaldehyde. The aim of this study was to quantify and to compare the pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide, 2- and 3-dechloroethylifosfamide, 4-hydroxyifosfamide, and ifosforamide mustard in short (1-4 h), medium (24-72 h), and long infusion durations (96-240 h) of ifosfamide. An integrated population pharmacokinetic model was used to describe the autoinducible pharmacokinetics of ifosfamide and its four metabolites in 56 patients. The rate by which autoinduction of the metabolism of ifosfamide developed was found to be significantly dependent on the infusion schedule. The rate was 52% lower with long infusion durations compared with short infusion durations. This difference was, however, comparable with its interindividual variability (22%) and was, therefore, considered to be of minor clinical importance. Autoinduction caused a less than proportional increase in the area under the ifosfamide plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and more than proportional increase in metabolite exposure with increasing ifosfamide dose. During long infusion durations dose-corrected exposures (AUC/D) were significantly decreased for ifosfamide and increased for 3-dechloroethylifosfamide compared with short infusion durations. No differences in dose-normalized exposure to ifosfamide and metabolites were observed between short and medium infusion durations. This study demonstrates that the duration of ifosfamide infusion influences the exposure to the parent and its metabolite 3-dechloroethylifosfamide. The observed dose and infusion duration dependence should be taken into account when modeling ifosfamide metabolism.