Integrins are widely expressed cell adhesion receptors that link extracellular matrix proteins to the cytoskeleton. Most integrins connect to the actin cytoskeleton through different types of adhesion plaques, including nascent adhesions and focal adhesions. They regulate adhesion strength in response to the mechanical force exerted by actomyosin across the plasma membrane. Beyond serving as mechanical connectors, integrins also play a crucial role in regulating cellular behaviour through biochemical signalling pathways. Given their essential functions, integrins are vital for the survival of metazoans and are important therapeutic targets for treating various human diseases. This Perspective highlights the work that led to the discovery of integrins and the principles of how they function.
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