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Imaging of cancer of unknown primary: a systematic literature review of the past, present, and future.

Sajjad Rostami ,
Hannah W Stutterheim ,
Olga Maxouri ,
Jeroen R J Willemse ,
Diana Ivonne Rodríguez Sánchez ,
Winnie Schats ,
Larissa W van Golen ,
Marieke A Vollebergh ,
Zing Cheung ,
Wouter V Vogel ,
Serena Marchetti ,
Petur Snaebjornsson ,
Max J Lahaye ,
Doenja M J Lambregts ,
Zuhir Bodalal ,
Regina G H Beets-Tan

Abstract

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus in March 2023 (updated in August 2024) to identify original articles focusing on CUP imaging. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Quality assessment was performed using QUADAS-2 and Radiomics Quality Score. Given the variability in study designs, imaging techniques, and reported outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed. Subgroup analyses compared detection rates across modalities.

CONCLUSIONS

Advancements in imaging have improved the diagnostic workup for CUP. Innovative approaches show potential for further improvement in diagnostic accuracy.

RESULTS

From 4760 de-duplicated search results, 140 original articles were included. Early CUP imaging relied on 2D modalities with notable diagnostic limitations. Modern 3D modalities have risen in prominence, though mammography and ultrasound remain in CUP guidelines. Implementing CT and MRI significantly improved primary tumour detection and disease characterization. CT is fundamental for CUP evaluation, and MRI offers superior soft tissue resolution, effective for detecting occult breast cancer, head and neck primaries, and suspected abdominopelvic neoplasms. FDG-PET/CT showed varying primary detection capabilities, adding value in identifying lesions/metastases missed by other modalities, essential for confirming locoregional treatment strategies. Emerging technologies for CUP imaging include whole-body MRI, FAPI-PET/CT, and AI/radiomics.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION

CRD42023453393.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

This study provides a comprehensive overview of CUP imaging and introduces emerging modalities that could boost diagnostic accuracy.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the evolution and current diagnostic capabilities of medical imaging in cancer of unknown primary (CUP) and explore promising technologies for enhancing diagnostic precision.

More about this publication

The British journal of radiology

Volume 98
Issue nr. 1172
Pages 1209-1226
Publication date 01-08-2025

Full text links

Publisher website (DOI) 10.1093/bjr/tqaf039
Europe PubMed Central 40117384
Pubmed 40117384

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