A hybrid radioactive and fluorescent tracer for sentinel node biopsy in penile carcinoma as a potential replacement for blue dye.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To explore the added value of SN biopsy using ICG-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid in patients with penile carcinoma.

OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The number and location of preoperatively identified SNs were documented. Intraoperative SN identification rates using radio- and/or fluorescence guidance were assessed and compared with blue dye. Statistical evaluation was performed using a two-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS

Preoperative imaging after injection of ICG-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid enabled SN identification in all patients (a total of 183 SNs dispersed over 119 groins). Intraoperatively, all SNs identified by preoperative SN mapping were localised using combined radio-, fluorescence-, and blue dye guidance. Fluorescence imaging enabled visualisation of 96.8% of SNs, while only 55.7% was stained by blue dye (p<0.0001). The tissue penetration of the fluorescent signal, and the rapid flow of blue dye limited the detection sensitivity. A tumour-positive SN was found in seven patients.

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

Patients underwent SN biopsy of the cN0 groin and treatment of the primary tumour.

CONCLUSIONS

ICG-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid allows for both preoperative SN mapping and combined radio- and fluorescence-guided SN biopsy in penile carcinoma patients and significantly improves optical SN detection compared with blue dye.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Sixty-five patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma were prospectively included (January 2011 to December 2012). Preoperative SN mapping was performed using lymphoscintigraphy and single-proton emission computed tomography supplemented with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) after peritumoural injection of ICG-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid. During surgery, SNs were initially approached using a gamma probe, followed by patent blue dye and/or fluorescence imaging. A portable gamma camera was used to confirm excision of all SNs.

BACKGROUND

Sentinel node (SN) biopsy in penile cancer is typically performed using a combination of radiocolloid and blue dye. Recently, the hybrid radioactive and fluorescent tracer indocyanine green (ICG)-(99m)Tc-nanocolloid was developed to combine the beneficial properties of both radio-guidance and fluorescence imaging.